Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity Essay Example

Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity Paper Whilst the notions of intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity are not always completely incompatible, the assumption that they are necessarily mutually reinforcing is certainly misguided. The notions of equity as between noncontemporaries and contemporaries can quickly be distinguished. The former requires thought about levels of savings of natural and other assets over time. The latter is inherently connected to distributive politics between contemporaries. The notion of distributive justice between contemporaries is a highly contested area, of course, and presents a great potential constraint on the exercise of the principle of intergenerational equity. Those who mention the two notions within one breath underemphasise, in this author’s view, the deep-seated potential for conflict between them. If more than lip-service is to be paid to either principle, then they must be distinguished from one another. Legal academics and judges would do better to draw out the distinction between the two terms and consider both their competing and complementary requirements in any given case. It may be that judges are in some cases forced to delineate a hierarchy between the two competing considerations. Though preferable to decision-making that fails to confront the issue, such a decision would be a fraught task. One school of tresources away from the needy of the current hought would hold that the quest for intra-generational equity should never trump that of intergenerational equity. This type of approach sees intergenerational equity as anterior to intra-generational equity in the sense that unless certain aspects of the natural environment are preserved for future generations, there will be no patrimony to be distributed geographically within future generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to this view, there are certain environmental imperatives that must occur even at the expense of some members of the current generation. This is the type of view likely to be associated with deep ecology, but a parallel can be seen in some views of fiscal policy. By contrast, another school of thought holds striving for intergenerational equity through future-oriented redistribution is unjust to the extent that it moves resources away from the needy of the current generation. Drawing on Rawls’ notion of just savings, Frà ©dà ©ric Gaspart and Axel Gosseries note that transfers of generational (as opposed to purely private) savings to future generations might be regarded as unfair ‘toward the least well-off members of the current generation.’ They put it this way: â€Å"Imagine that a given generation anticipates that at the end of its existence a surplus is likely to be transferred to the next generation on top of the equivalent of what the current generation inherited to the previous one. If the constitution of such a surplus is likely, it should benefit the least well-off members of the current generation rather than the next generation as a whole.† It is worth noting that Gaspart and Gosseries do not see this approach as in any way inimical to impartiality between generations; they stress that this argument does not ‘presuppose any priority of intra-generational justice over intergenerational justice.’ It would, however, require intra-generational redistribution of savings as to occur before any intergenerational redistribution: any inequity within the current generation would have to be addressed before generational savings could be put away for future generations. More broadly, there seems to be a failure by those touting the notion of sustainable development to confront the dilemma posed by the (often) contradictory requirements posed by these two ethical aims. Perhaps Gaspart and Gosseries are correct on a theoretical level in suggesting that the attainment of intra-generational equity need not rule out intergenerational equity. However, in the concrete and more bounded situations likely to be heard by judges, in which only the parties before the court have standing in the matter at hand, and in which only the principle of intergenerational is to be applied, it seems likely that some decisions will have to set aside the geographical demands of equity in order to focus on the temporal. On a final note, while the two concepts roll quite glibly off the tongue together, after a moment’s consideration it seems somewhat odd that the notions of intergenerational and intra-generational equity terms should be associated in the first place. Common law (and other) legal systems are infused to their very core with the notions of equity and fairness between contemporaries. Intergenerational equity, however, offers something different – an attempt to facilitate a level of justice between members of different generations, and in doing so presents a potential key to the instigation of a longer term decision-making process. This is something that common law legal systems have not prioritised in the past (and understandably so: not only is the structure of the common law legal system poorly equipped for such an approach, but also achieving justice between contemporaries is hard enough in itself). However, the long-term nature of complex environmental problems creates the need for innovation within the legal system. The notion of intergenerational equity, while fraught with challenges, presents an opportunity for the law to take a new approach to justice over the long-term. The fact that Australian judges have taken a cumulative approach to assessing impacts upon future generations indicates an appreciation for the central temporal quality of the principle of intergenerational equity. Administrative Law as Environmental Governance The judgements in Gray, Taralga, and Walker are grounded in administrative law. More specifically, they each deal with administrative decisions concerning environmental impact assessment. They form part of a broader ascension of administrative law as a tool for environmental legal challenge in Australia. Bell and McGillivray note that ‘environmental law has not been developed as a self-contained discipline, but has simply borrowed concepts from other areas of law.’ When new types of environmental problem, such as climate change, arise, environmental solutions must take whatever form they can. The use of administrative law as a form of environmental redress has both advantages and limitations in the context of the principle of intergenerational equity. In addition to being a well-established area of law, administrative law has the advantage of offering preventative, rather than reactive, forms of redress. The temporal characteristics of environmental problems can present a particular challenge when it comes to finding an appropriate legal remedy. Environmental solutions conceived under the common law, such tort actions in nuisance or negligence, have traditionally been reactive rather than preventative. Moreover, with respect to climate change, the temporal disconnection between the causes of global warming (carbon dioxide emissions) and its negative effects (for example, extreme weather events) appears to contribute to the difficulty plaintiffs face in proving causation in negligence suits. By allowing parties to challenge administrative decisions affecting the environment that have failed to consider ESD principles, the administrative law approach facilitates the prevention, rather than the retrospective compensation for environmental harm. This helps to give proper effect to the notion of intergenerational equity, which requires that the interests of future generations be taken into account in decision-making. Administrative law also has a number of limitations as a means for facilitating the principle of intergenerational equity. Generally, judges conducting judicial review of an administrative decision are prevented from reviewing the decision on its merits. In such cases, judges must restrict themselves to determining the legality of the decision-making process, rather than the merits of the decision itself. The NSWLEC is distinctive in that it has a merits review jurisdiction in addition to its ordinary judicial review jurisdiction. In cases falling under its merits review jurisdiction, the NSWLEC is required to put itself in the shoes of the original administrative decision-maker and to make a new decision. As Biscoe J notes in Walker, most of the NSWLEC’s decision on ESD principles have occurred within the Court’s merits review jurisdiction. While this affords the Court an opportunity to discuss the constitution of ESD principles in depth, it is unclear to what extend decisions made under this special jurisdiction can be deemed to contribute to the development of jurisprudence. Jagot J notes in Drake-Brockman v Minister for Planning that ‘care must be taken in applying observations about the level or extent of issues found to be appropriate in merits appeals to other contexts.’ In that case, Jagot J refused to accept the Applicant’s argument that Gray stood for a general proposition an environmental impact assessment will be inadequate if it does not include a quantitative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions. Jagot J distinguished Gray on the grounds that, essentially, it was the process of decision-making that had been flawed in Gray, rather than the substance of the decision itself: what appeared to have been critical in Gray was the disjunction between what the Director-General required †¦ and what the Director-General accepted as adequate†¦ Gray does not stand for a general proposition that Pt 3A of the EPA Act requires any particular form of assessment of greenhouse gas emissions for each and every project to which that Part applies. The foregoing suggests one should be cautious about reading too much into the substance of decisions on ESD principles, particularly to the extent that decisions on substance coincide with decisions based on well-established principles of administrative law. By contrast, while merits review is generally overlooked as a source of legal reasoning, Elizabeth Fisher has demonstrated (in the context, particularly, of Australian specialist environmental tribunals) that merits review has more precedential value than is commonly recognised. Fisher argues that while merits review decisions are traditionally seen as lacking a ratio decidendi, ‘the reality is †¦ that in environmental and planning law practice and scholarship merits review decisions are treated as ratios for lawyers and primary decision-makers alike.’ She notes that merits review decisions are often included in volumes of law reports and cited by judges as legal authorities. This is true of all of the three cases examined most closely in this Chapter, notwithstanding Jagot J’s scepticism in Drake-Brockman v Minister for Planning.   While Fisher is sympathetic to Jagot J’s words of caution, and notes that there is great variation between tribunals as to what constitutes the process and impact of merits review, her work nonetheless demonstrates that the merits review decisions cannot be dismissed as extra-legal. Far from it, merits review decisions are helping to develop jurisprudence within environmental law. A separate but related point with respect to constructing a jurisprudence of intergenerational equity through administrative law is that there is a risk that the principle will come to be treated as a procedural step in development decisions rather than a principle of wide applicative scope. In Bentley v BGP Properties Pty Ltd, a case, once again, dealing with the requirements of an environmental impact assessment, Preston J stated that the requirement for prior environmental impact assessment and approval enables the present generation to meet its obligation of intergenerational equity by ensuring the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained and enhanced for the benefit of future generations’. This view, if read as describing the exhaustive role of the principle of intergenerational equity, greatly diminishes the scope of the principle. A preferable view would be that prior environmental impact assessment is a necessary but insufficient requirement of the notion of intergenerational equity in the specific context of some planning decisions under the relevant legislation. Conclusion The interests of future generations are often at odds with those of the present, particularly in the context of the environment. Legislators, as elected representatives of current generations, have little incentive to make laws that protect the environmental well-being of future generations if those laws in any way restrict the way of life of their living constituency. Even where legislators do enact measures that risk current unpopularity for a future gain, their work may be repealed by a more populist successor; parliaments cannot bind their successors. On a more local scale, administrative decision-makers are often tempted by similarly short-term incentives. For these reasons, the principle of intergenerational equity is a hopeful addition to environmental law. Though thus far little-used, the principle aims to balance the interests of current and future generations in decision-making, in particular with respect to the environment. In Australian legislation, the definition of the principle of intergenerational equity is vague. Legislators have left the elucidation of the principle to the Courts. Academic interest in the principle has generally focused on its normative basis; this Chapter has sought to elucidate the practical implications of the principle by examining its appearance in Australian case law, where the jurisprudence on the principle is most developed. The practical impact of the principle of intergenerational equity is potentially far-reaching, and as such judges have been given a wide discretion with respect to the environmental interests of future generations. Given the failure of legislators to protect the environmental interests of future generations where they conflict with the current interests (usually economic) of current constituencies, the tempering potential for the principle of intergenerational equity is profound. Moreover, the tenured and independently appointed judiciary is structurally less beholden to short-term considerations than those in the legislature. An examination of three relevant cases reveals the formation of a nascent jurisprudence on intergenerational equity within Australia. As the first of its kind globally, the impact of this jurisprudence could influence case law beyond Australia. These cases, all occurring within the context of administrative decisions about planned developments, show that the principle intergenerational equity requires administrative decision-makers to do a number of things. First, decision-makers must consider the cumulative environmental impact of proposed decisions. This is significant in that it attempts to prevent the creeping accumulation of negative environmental impacts, however small individually. Second, it demonstrates the propensity of the judiciary to take a longer term view of environmental management. Third, the decision in Gray suggests that the principle of intergenerational equity requires more than the mere flagging of environmental issues in an impact assessment, instead it require s a thorough consideration of their impact within the relevant contextual setting. This suggests that judges are unwilling to allow the environmental impact assessment process to become a mere box-ticking exercise. The decision in Taralga moved beyond the environmental impact assessment context to that of energy production and is sweeping in its scope. In this context, the Court found that the principle not only demands that the process of production and use of energy occur in a manner which accounts for the requirements of future generations, but also requires new types of clean energy production to be substituted increasingly for old, emissions-intensive methods. The reach of this finding is potentially great – it seems likely that were it applied to prevent the construction of, for example, a new coal mine, it would spark a legislative reaction. Perhaps of more general applicability is the Court’s finding in this case that the long-term interests of a community may at times trump the narrow, immediate interests of the present. The jurisprudence on intergenerational equity is of course very limited. This article has aimed to sketch a preliminary picture of the principle to date, and to draw from it implications about the power of the principle to overcome the short-term focus of many environmental projects when left to the legislature. The feature that sets apart the principle of intergenerational equity from other pieces of environmental law is its focus on redressing the imbalance between current and future interests. The Australian legislation has left the development of the principle in the hands of judges, a (perhaps unintentionally) wise decision given the general inability of legislators to make current sacrifices in order to achieve long-term benefits. In the case of Taralga in particular, the NSWLEC has shown a willingness to genuinely balance narrow current interests with broader future ones, finding in favour of the future. As Preston CJ noted, ‘resolving this conundrum’ is ‘not easy’. Nonetheless, this finding in particular embodies the spirit of the principle of intergenerational equity and offers some hope that its influence may in time play a part in tipping the balance back toward the future. Next Page   VI. Investing in the Future Previous Page   Implications

Want to Find Out How to Make a Webcomic Let Us Help!

Want to Find Out How to Make a Webcomic Let Us Help! How to Make a Webcomic? A Professional Workshop You have had a story that you wanted to tell to the wide audience but you failed to find the efficient instruments to do it? This annoying idea has been living in your head for months or even years? You are going to write a fantastic piece but you do not know how to make a webcomic? If you are stuck and do not know how to start a webcomic, we have gathered the  list  of steps to be taken to become a successful comic writer. Undoubtedly, creating a webcomic is a particularly challenging task. However, at the same time, if done correctly, it is tremendously interesting and rewarding. We assure you that once you complete your comic, you will be proud of all the efforts you have done to create such a marvelous piece. Why Do You Want to Create a Web Comic? Perhaps, your primary goal is to make money. It is an absolutely normal desire but you should understand that not all comics bring money to their authors. Even more, most comics do not bring money to their authors (except for DC and Marvel comics, of course). So, if you are creating your comic only to make money, it is a wrong strategy. However, if you want to tell the interesting story that lives in your head, go ahead! Being told professionally, your story may bring you good revenue. So, why do you not give it a try? Consider All Elements of a Successful Comic Before you start, you need to clearly understand what are the essential elements of a good comic. Yes, you have the story to write, but what are the other elements that should be taken into consideration? A comic outline. Having a story to write, most probably, you will want to skip this point but you should not do it. Thinking about  your  story for several months, there is a high possibility you will miss something. As such, before you start creating you comic, make sure to understand what texts and visuals will be included in your comic and create the outline that will serve as the guideline for your work; Write down the script for your comic adhering to the industry standards. If you do not possess excellent writing skills and find it difficult to put your ideas into the paper, feel free to hire a professional writer, who will do it instead of you; How do you plan to publish your comic? Maybe you want to release it as the smartphone app? Or do you want it to be done in a simple PDF? It is up to you. Think carefully on your goals and  decide  which form to choose. Start Writing Your Comic! Want to understand how to make a webcomic? No matter if you are a beginner or an experienced comic writer, you will need to work in accordance with the common algorithm. Create a comic outline. Before you start, you need to know your protagonist and all the events you are going to present in your comic. Create an outline in which you will identify your main characters and the events happening with them. Your outline should not be too long but it should focus on the key aspects you are going to present in your comic. After all, your comic should tell the story with impressive twists, so you need to think of every detail to engage your audience. Write a script. Basically, you just need to extend your outline. Follow your outline point-by-point adding more details to the description of events. Also, writing a script requires following the rules mentioned below: Use no more than 35 words per page (more words will turn your comic into a short essay); The character speaking first should always appear on the left to help the reader understand the dialog; Do not start another scene on the same page. Each page should present a separate scene; Use the page turn to surprise your reader. Find a skilled artist. If you have good drawing skills, that is great. However, if you do not, you need to find a professional artist, who will understand your character and draw it following your requirements and recommendations. You may find a creative artist joining the groups on Facebook, LinkedIn, or Reedit. To achieve the expected outcome, make sure to spend some time interacting with your artist and explaining what you want to see. Take care of storyboarding and design. When you have found the artist, make sure he/she will be able to produce the layout that will match your script. Based on your notes, the artist should create an original piece that will not resemble other comics. We assure you that by  plagiarizing, you will never reach the desired outcome. Even if you have hired a skilled professional, you need to monitor their work thoroughly to make sure this person is working in the right direction. Do not be afraid to ask for a revision. After all, only you decide how your webcomic should look like. Be Patient! When deciding to turn your story into a great comic, you need to understand that this process may take much time. Do not try to complete it in a few days but try to pay attention to every detail. Make sure to spend enough time on the preparation stage to make the creating process smoother. It would be great to look through the successful comics available on the web and understand what makes them interesting and impressive. It Is Time to Publish! When you are done with your comic, publish it. Undoubtedly, a stunning artwork will always find its audience, however, if it is your first webcomic, make sure to advertise it with the help of different social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Indeed, there are plenty of options for publishing your comic: a blog, a mobile application, or just a PDF brochure. Just select the way that is the most convenient for you and proceed with publishing your marvelous comic. We highly recommend you to consider making your comic in the form of a smartphone app because, in such a way, it will be available to more people. Now, you know how to make a webcomic So, follow our suggestions and create a wonderful masterpiece that will bring you the expected outcome!

Case study- social commerce creates new customer relationship Study

- social commerce creates new customer relationship - Case Study Example Best Buy maintains a very large following in social media, actually using all of the data gathered from customer sentiment and question/answer opportunities with dedicated response staff as an evaluation tool. Best Buy conducts analytical research using social media data to determine whether its promotions are meeting with success. The article warns, however, that there are difficulties to using social media as a promotional tool, citing Starbucks as an example. This company received many photos chastising Starbucks for its labor practices, rather than delivering photos of advertising posters mandated by the contest. 1. Assess the people, organization, and technology issues for using social media to engage with customers. Pornpitakpan (2003) identifies the importance of using celebrity endorsers for improving a product brand position. Consumers find that a brand is more credible when an attractive and trustworthy celebrity endorses the product. When using social media, the people wit hin the organization become a type of celebrity endorser (such as Steve Jobs at Apple, Inc.), thus the information being provided to customers must be considered credible. Companies such as Best Buy, with their Twelp Force responders, become the face of Best Buy and therefore their behaviors must be controlled, the depth of their competence must be evaluated, and the content being transmitted over the social network must be relevant to consumer needs. From a people perspective, it would add risk by having employees represent the company and a potential cost burden. The company would also have to organize social media activities within the value chain, ensuring supervision, control systems, and those responsible for developing creative Web content. Using social media might require a more decentralized organization. In relation to technology, the brand using this platform for promotion or customer relationship management would need to ensure they have staff trained in gathering analyt ical online data and transforming it into useful information. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using social media for advertising, brand building, market research and customer service? There are many advantages for using these sites. Apple, Inc., as one example, often uses social media to gain more presence with customers. Apple has the highest brand loyalty of any technology company, according to JD Power (Info Tech, 2007). Apple has conducted considerable market research about the lifestyles and attitudes of customers and is able to generate content that is relevant to these beliefs and lifestyles. Thus, what social media does for Apple is create real-time relationship development and interactivity with the Apple brand in a way that is not met by competitors. Social media sites also fit under the psychological theory of social learning. When people look toward their peers about product purchasing, they will often emulate these behaviors. Thus, the social media sites provide meaningful peer feedback that in turn changes attitudes about a brand. Best Buy, as illustrated in the case study, is a benchmark of using real-time response units to provide better customer service. Social media serves as a platform for engagement in a way not seen traditionally. Disadvantages can be illustrated by companies like

Compare and contrast of two images Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and contrast of two images - Essay Example On the other hand, the Greeks are one of the first to gain civilization in society. They have been known to excel in a lot of fields especially art. Greek goddesses, epics, sculptures and even establishment in Greece also tell a lot about their culture. These are general examples of how Greeks and Egyptians exceled and contributed in terms of historical preferences. For more specific examples, the following paragraphs will talk about the Painted low relief of Princess Nefret-iabet in Old Kingdom, Giza, c.2570 BC. and the Relief of seated goddess in Parthenon, East Frieze, Classical Greece, c. 447-438 BC. Naturalism which is defined as â€Å"an even more accurate picture of realism† (Abrams, 1) is evident in the low relief of Princess Nefret-iabet. This relief made in painted in limestone slab stela, depicts a relative degree of naturalism. Involvement of depiction of actual life form’s art form is necessary. The low relief of Princess Nefret-iabet is a detailed modellin g of the Egyptian princess seating on a chair is like an actual representation of a life as a princess in Egypt. The relief showcases the detailed hair of the princess, wide eyes while wearing an also detailed leopard print dress. This depicts existence of elegance and glamour, and to add to this are her combs, perfumes, and other properties made of brass and gold. Even the chair she sits on is made of gold with apparent an animal- like structure. The Princess’ body is very slim in representation. The details of her hair are exquisite and so is that of her fingers. The linings used in this relief are very delicate to look at, and the images are very lightly embossed in the limestone. Although, abstraction may also be seen in terms of showing only half of the princess’s face and figure, cut parts of unidentified object above the princess and other parts not shown in the relief. Abstraction is the purposeful act of hiding other parts of a subject in art, to highlight oth er features (Abstraction). But through further research, a more complete version of the relief of the princess was seen in full. More of her properties are seen in the full slab in her tomb, including images of her eyelids, birds, balance scales and other materials. This aspect could also be related to the placing of objects in relation to its distance from the princess. The princess being placed on the left faces a set of property she has, arranged in accordance to its purpose. For example, the first compartment appears to be all of her needs for beautification, second shelf looks like vases or forms of pottery, and the objects under the shelf are like gold statuettes. This relief somehow tells us a story of what life there is in Giza, during c.2570 BC. The women of Ancient Egypt are supposed to have a significant role in society unlike most early civilizations. Women played a big role in unification of Hierakonpolis, Abydos and proofs of which are statuettes and art forms in museu ms. This contribution is said to have built various alliances and bridged the gap between peoples. With this contribution, women are considered important in society as supported by the Egyptian thinking of â€Å"philosophical dualism† wherein relationship of god and priestess is compared and somehow patterned in the same way in the relationship of king and royal women. This on the other hand, does not necessarily mean that the Ancient Egypt had a bilineal society, and

The Four Prototypes of Community Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Four Prototypes of Community Justice - Essay Example The main goal of community justice is preventing community crime, community policing, defending the community, community prosecution and restorative court systems. The idea is formed around the notion that the community takes control of its policing activities in collaboration with the police system (Hayes & Bryant, 2002). This management of the community’s own public safety is essential because it gets everyone involved. This improves the flow of information to the authorities. The methodology that will be employed in this analysis will involve an in-depth analysis of books authored and online discussions on the prototypes. This analysis will look to summarize and evaluate the extent of these prototypes and their application in the practical community setting. The idea of community justice will also be evaluated in general, and its practicality analyzed. A study of books authored on this subject will provide an essential source of material in the analysis. The study is also mainly meant to analyze the four different prototypes of the community justice system and their overall effectiveness. Citizen involvement in activities of crime prevention has become a normal practice in many communities. This has led to collaboration with the police to achieve reduced criminal activity in the communities. Because the community structure has changed, the dynamics of the nature of crimes has also increased (Cadora et al., 2011). The community struggles to keep up with these changes. Mobilization is one of the ways of ensuring that the changes felt in the community are achieved. In the mobilization model, police look to act as leaders in the community and mobilize members of the community. This mobilization is done to individuals and also to business representatives, educational institutions, both local and state owned, social providers and the youth. These and other groups are mobilized

Assessment and Accountability in Nursing

Assessment and Accountability in Nursing Mentors have responsibility to assist students to develop their clinical skills and knowledge on placements. As well as developing clinical skills, students also develop their interpersonal skills and as a result of this experience gain maturity. (NMC, 2008) .To determine students have achieved the professional standards or competence, mentors must make assessments while their placement. This is vital to protect the public from unsafe and incompetent practitioners. Assessment is an essential role of a mentor. A good assessment process gives the students valuable feedback, it helps them to identify where they are, highlights, deficits in their learning ,identifies what they need to do and enables them to set realistic future goals.(Danny Walsh 2010). A good assessment process help us to predict future behaviour of the nurse we train. However we can cut down the risks by ensuring that the assessment processes itself meets certain standards and criteria which are considered best practice. Proper assessments of students are essential because, they are the future nurses are responsible for protecting the public in patient care, (Necklin and Kenworthy, 2000:108).Through assessment mentor can identify the strength and weakness, knowledge and practical skill of a student. According to (Walsh 2010) student nurses are assessed for variety of reasons in their clinical practice. Examples of this; to monitor the students’ progress to give feedback, to discover learning needs, to encourage students, to monitor their progress, to assess students level of competence, to assess knowledge, skills and attitudes, to measure the effectiveness of the teaching and to safeguard the patient and protect the public. As students work alongside with mentors, need to encourage students to perform patient care through instructions, guidance and supervision. While they are caring the patients mentors can observe and give feedback, this means while student is learning she is being assessed. Managing the process of assessment and feedback is hugely important. Students fail their placements for a wide range of reasons, but certain key factors can help minimise this happening. The student needs to feel welcomed and wanted to be able to perform into the placement quickly and so get on with meeting their competencies. Duffy (2003) cited several reasons for students failing and the key aspect was the lack of a good mentor/student relationship. Mentors must be meeting with students regularly can identify the problems or deficits the students going through. Learning needs should then be identified and action plan must be put in place. Mentors and assessors have the right and responsibility of making professional judgements about the performance of their student. (ENB and department of Health, 2001).Students needs to be respected while maintaining their professional standards, it is important to recognise the rights and to be supported to succeed in clinical practice. Monitoring progress is about finding the students quality and quantity of learning and any difficulties students may experiencing that can be identified and action plan to be applied. There are different methods of assessment like observation of patient care, questions and answers, reflection, briefing, self assessment peer assessment, testimonies, portfolios.(Stuart 2003). Duffy and Hardicre (2007) identify the reasons of a failing student are lack of insight, lack of interest poor communication or interpersonal skills, personal issues, being over confident. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC2004a) states that nurses are accountable for their own practice. The public has a right to expect competence from the qualified professional in healthcare. With the purpose of assessment as a form of quality control for the healthcare professions, assessors should be able to identify failing students and provide enough support and resources to overcome the difficulties. As Maria was a first year student the initial priority was observations of the patient. At the beginning, I asked the questions about blood pressure ,heart rate(pulse) ,respirations, oxygen saturations ,pain scores etc†¦Then explained to Maria the theory, significant changes and if she notice any changes who to inform, then I demonstrated how to check observations and how to enter in a patient track or observation chart. The procedure was repeated in many situations under supervision which made her confident and also Maria received constructive feedback from other staff. A high level of a motivation and assessment is necessary for learning, (Gipps1994). During mid interview it was identified that student has achieved the skills to do the observations by using dyne map or manually, and also able to understand the significant changes and to report to the staff nurse. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2006a) specifies the responsibility and accountability of NMC registrants who supports and make summative assessment decisions are referred to as assessors. As part of summative assessment (Stuart 2003), I arranged final interview with Maria on last day of her placement. I reviewed all her progress and evidences recorded in her practice book. Maria’s portfolio, feedbacks from other colleagues and Maria’s behaviour while her placement in the unit, attitude towards the patients and colleagues, knowledge , skills and performance in order to determine whether, she is fit for practice without supervision. Constructive feedback has an impact not only on the teaching/learning process but also gives messages to students about their effectiveness and self esteem (Gipps1994).Feedback sessions should be designed to help students grow in their clinical skills and professional competence. It is not possible for the named assessor to work with the student on enough occasions to monitor the progress of students with validity and reliability, so that it is important that the mentor seeks the views of other practitioners who have worked with the student. The assessment activities of working alongside the student and observing practice, discussion with the student and examination of the student’s portfolio, discussion with other assessors are done both informally and formally to monitor progress (Phillips et al 2000). Lifelong learning is the term used to refer to the planned or unplanned learning occurs throughout the life ,usually the working life ,of an individual (Hinchliff1998).The mentor is advised not to give all the answers ,which deprive the student of the opportunity of carrying out some of the problem –solving and decision making activities (Stengelhofen1993).These cognitive processes foster deep learning ,and thus help the student extract more meaningful learning through experiences.Dreyfus model (Benner 1989) describes the five levels of proficiency the students pass during their placement .They are novice, advanced beginner competent, proficient and expert .The author believes that this model can be applied in assessing the students in placement area because this will help students to access frequent feedbacks that can help to improve clinical skills and become more self- aware. Every good placement should be gathering feedback from the student’s inorder to improve the student experience and enhance learning opportunities. Accountability involves responsibility, knowledge and being able to justify actions. It is always challenging for mentors to deal with failing student’s .However if planned in advance and strategies in place, it can be overcome without too much pressure on the student .In the mid-interview, if the student is not performing up to the standard it’s important to provide the student more support and inform the personal tutor. It is essential to note that few students unable to meet the criteria whatever the circumstances are, the mentor should act appropriately in order to fail the poor performing students rather than the fail to fail situation which may affect the public (Duffy2007). To succeed in placement assessments and achieve competencies the student cannot afford to leave it until later in the placement .It is the responsibility of the mentor to ensure that they give the student regular reviews and feedback to ensure that they keep on top of meeting their learning objectives (Walsh2010).Mentors needs to evaluate students time to time and it is important to provide constructive feedback .Mentors should focus to create a safe learning environment for the students and it is their accountability. When Maria started placement in my unit I ensure she has done all the mandatory trainings like moving and handling, fire training, health and safety, infection control. If Mentor takes the decision to fail a student, it should not come like a surprise to the student. Students who are not progressing or failing their placement mentors need to identify the learning needs and support them with available resources. Discuss any issues or concerns with the student and inform university tutor, and also make sure student understands the problem.

A History of the Treatment of Insanity Essay examples -- Exploratory E

A History of the Treatment of Insanity Over the course of history, insanity has been subjected to a wide variety of treatments. Attempts to cure the mentally ill or simply relieve "normal" society of the problems caused by insanity have ranged from outright cruelty to higher degrees of humanity in today's society. This paper gives a brief overview of insanity--its believed causes and subsequent treatments--from primitive times up to the nineteenth century. There are two known traditions for diagnosis and treatment of mental illness: spiritual/religious and naturalistic/scientific. According to the spiritual/religious tradition, supernatural forces are the cause of insanity. One of the earliest examples of spiritual/religious treatment is a practice called trephining. Archeaologists have discovered skulls exhibiting this primitive form of psychiatric surgery. Trephining involved chipping holes in a victim's skull to release the evil spirits that were responsible for the person's mental illness. Other ancient peoples attributed insanity to the mischief of demons or the anger of the gods, namely the Chinese, Egyptian, and Hebrew societies. The Greek phisician Hippocrates believed insanity to be rooted in a lack of balance within the body. More specifically, he argued that a balance of four body fluids (or the four humors) was the key to mental health. An excess or deficiency of blood, phlegm, black bile, or yellow bile could lead to psychopathology. Those trained in the Hippocratic tradition were instructed to treat the mentally ill with attempts designed to restore the balance of the bodily fluids. These treatments were called "heroic" because they were drastic and often painful. Among them were bloodletting, purging, an... ...can Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII) was founded in 1844. It later became the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Its purpose is to designate the criteria to diagnose a patient as mentally ill (the current list of criteria is called the DSM-IV) and commit the person to an institution or design a course of treatment suited to the problem. Sources 1. Bankart, C. Peter. Talking Cures: A History of Western and Eastern Psychotherapies. Albany: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1997. 2. Emery, Robert E., and Oltmanns, Thomas F. Abnormal Psychology. New Jersey: Simon & Schuster, 1998. 3. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965. 4. Rosen,. George. Madness in Society: Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Mca List of All Colleges and Fees Mumbai

Sr. No. | College Code | Name of the College / Institute | Date of the Meeting in which the Samiti Approved Fee Stucturr for Academic Year 2011-12 | Interim Fee Approved by the Samiti for Academic Year 2012-13 | 1| 3012| Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute(VJTI), Matunga,Mumbai| | 27000| 2| 3185| Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Technology, Chembur, Mumbai| 11/10/2011| 59860| 3| 3161| K.J. Somaiya Institute in Management Studies ; Research, Vidyavihar, Mumbai. | 16/09/2011| 77140| 4| 3173| Deccan Education Society's Navinchandra Mehta Institute of Technology & Development, Dadar, Mumbai (Kirti College)| 16/09/2011| 74250| 5| 3169| Late Bhausaheb Hiray S. S. Trust's Institute of Computer Application, Bandra (E), Mumbai. 16/09/2011| 70000| 6| 3215| Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan's Sardar Patel Institute of Technology , Andheri, Mumbai (Bhavans Andheri)| 13/06/2011 | 85400| 7| 3162| Bharti Vidyapeeth's Institute of Management ; Information Technology, Navi Mumbai| 11/10/2011| 815 50| 8| 3170| NCRD's Sterling Institute of Management Studies, Navi Mumbai | 4/11/2011| 56650| 9| 3146| Jawahar Education Society's Annasaheb Chudaman Patil College of Engineering,Kharghar| 4/11/2011| 62000| 10| 3168| Thakur Institute of Management Studies Career Development Research, Kandivali (E), Mumbai. 16/09/2011| 103500| 11| 3171| Audyogik Shikshan Mandal’s Institute Of Management ; Computer Studies ( IMCOST), Thane| 11/10/2011| 80130| 12| 3147| Saraswati Education Society, Yadavrao Tasagaonkar Institute of Engineering ; Technology, Karjat| 4/11/2011| 75000| 13| 3165| SIES College of Management Studies, Nerul, Navi Mumbai| 11/01/2012| 99480| 14| 3167| Mumbai Education Trust's Institute of Computer Science, Bandra (W), Mumbai. | 11/10/2011| 107525| |

Gilgamesh essays

Gilgamesh essays The Epic of Gilgamesh was written around 2000 B.C. in the Sumerian language. It was written about the historical king of Uruk in Babylonia who lived about 2700 B.C. It was written in cuneiform on clay tablets which were found in the ruins of the library of Ashurbanipal. One of the most important points of the tablets is that they actually name an author. This is extremely rare in the ancient world. The author, Shin-eqi-unninni, is the oldest author that can be named. Gilgamesh was two-thirds god and one-third human and ruled over Sumer oppressively. He was very arrogant and cocky so because of this, the people cry out to the god Anu to help them. In response, he creates theopposite of Gilgamesh; an equal rival. His name is Enkidu and is first seen running naked with wild animals. He is taken in by some shepards who civilize him so that he can walk into the city. Eventually, Gilgamesh and Enkidu battle but the turnout results in a friendship between the two superpowers. Both Enkidu and Gilgamesh begin to weaken and grow lazy living in the city so Gilgamesh decides to embark upon a great adventure by cutting down all the all of the trees in the great Cedar Forest. To do this, however, they need to defeat Humbaba the terrible who is the Guardian of the great Cedar Forest. But, due to Gilgamesh's fatal flaw of arrogance, he doesn't listen to Enkidu's words of wisdom. This flaw is classic of the hero in an epic. The two set off to defeat Humbaba and succeed in doing so. Just before Gilgamesh beheads the demon, Humbaba curses Enkidu by saying that he will die before Gilgamesh and will "not find peace in in this world." After battling a bull and killing it, Enkidu becomes very sick and after suffering for twelve days, he finally dies. Gilgamesh is very disheartened by his "soul mate('s)" death and laments for many days. He begins his journey to find Utnapishtim ...

Sociological Perspectives Essay Example

Sociological Perspectives Essay Example Sociological Perspectives Paper Sociological Perspectives Paper In this assessment I will be identifying three different social groups and explain how their health may differ from the general population; I will also be using sociological perspectives to discuss different patterns and trends of health and illness. Gender- â€Å"Women live longer but suffer from more health problems in their lifetime, and many are specific to the female gender† Agnes Miles, Women, Health and Medicine. According to the stats, women suffer from more health problems during their lifetime, but men die younger due to their lifestyle. More women than men suffer with chronic sickness, 57% mental hospital disturbances are women, 2/3 of the 4 million populations are disabled women and in general women see doctors more frequently than men, also women are more likely to be admitted for: emotional disturbance; neurotic disorder; depression and senile dementia. The reasons for these stats could be that women have demands of looking after other people’s health such as their children, demands of domestic labour, poor employment conditions, exposure to poor housing and greater exposure to poverty. Women also may have a lot of stress to deal with which could make them ill due to their lifestyle. Men however, may have the same amount of illnesses as women but decide not to visit doctors, nurses etc. due to feeling embarrassed, whereas women do. Men have a shorter life expectancy as they are perceived to live a more dangerous lifestyle than women. Their jobs could be more dangerous than women, such as builders, electricians and fire fighters, where their lives could be at risk. Men also ignore illnesses or symptoms due to feeling too embarrassed to go to the doctors. Men are also perceived to drink and smoke more than women and eat the wrong foods which could take a toll on their health. Functionalists would argue that women are ‘shock absorbers’ in the family, and that they provide all the emotional support to the family but no one realises the effect that it may have on the women. Social Class- Lower social class individuals or families, may have worse health due to the circumstances they live in. Evidence suggests that living in poor housing can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease as well as to anxiety and depression. Problems such as damp, mould, excess cold and structural defects which increase the risk of an accident also present hazards to health. Lower class people could have decreased health due to the circumstances they live in, these circumstances could be poor housing conditions, which could mean their house could be damp or cold, poor living conditions which could mean the individual or family are unemployed or don’t earn enough money to support their family with food, water, electricity, heat and shelter which would drastically cause problems to their health. Those with low incomes are more likely to suffer from poor mental health and poverty effectively causing or contributing to poor mental health. Observationally, both individual and neighborhood deprivation increase the risk of poor general and mental health. Individuals with mental health problems may have a problem becoming employed as having mental illness has a number of adverse effects on the ability to earn: When unwell, it is more difficult to study and to achieve qualifications. It is more difficult to get a job mental illness carries a heavy social stigma. It is more difficult to hold down a job a person with mental illness may need intermittent and unpredictable time off when the illness needs more intense treatment. Therefore if individuals who live in poverty become ill with physical illness or a mental illness then their chance to become employed would be decreased and their chance to bring themselves out of poverty would be very little. Individuals or families on a low income may also not be able to afford the medical attention they need, therefore if they ever do become ill enough for medical attention or medical advice then they may not be able to afford it. Age- Elderly people may be unhealthier then the rest of the general population simply because of their age. As you get older, your immune system may weaken and the amount of illnesses you get may increase. However, as elderly people have a weakened immune system then they may find it harder to fight off the illness or infection. If elderly people have a trip or fall, then more damage to their body may happen as their bones are weakened, this could lead to serious injury of fatality from a fall. Young child also tend to catch more illnesses then the rest of the general population as their immune system isn’t as strong, however they are more capable to fight off illnesses and infections. Young children also spend a lot of time with other children, therefore infections and diseases spread quickly. Young children also tend to put things in their mouths (such as toys) which could easily be infected and is an easy way for infections to spread.

Reflect on your own experience of change and change management Case Study - 1

Reflect on your own experience of change and change management - Case Study Example At the location where I used to previously work, there existed a lot of disorder especially when it came to organizing reports, which concerned with applications of multiple softwares, given that the interface linking softwares at times created difficulty (Gill, 2002). The challenges that we encountered while using various applications at the same time resulted in the ultimate report seeming to be rather disorganized in some instances. Having gone through such an experience prepared me sufficiently for the challenges in the field, and I learnt numerous lessons that have assisted me ever since. Obviously any new experience presents new impediments in the smooth flow of work since countless alterations have to be enforced for continuity of business as usual. I was impelled to work extra hard in my endeavour to prove my theory of change as the best and only way out of the old fashioned system. Eventually, just as the old saying goes, â€Å"Good things come to those who wait,† my tireless efforts were manifested when the management succumbed and eventually implemented my change theory. The change was not instant. It took quite a while until it began to seem that my efforts were an exercise in futility. Nevertheless I possessed the deep conviction that somehow there ought to be someone in our clientele who would notice the sweeping and impeccable presentation of data in our company. I also had a team that was not demoralised and which had presumably higher hopes than mine considering the fact that my theory of change was foreign to them before I raised it. With time, it was apparent that the company had to change with the times hence i was personally requested to overlook the overhauling of the system in its entirety with the assistance of professionals from other companies and of course my loyal team members. By the end of the overhaul of the system, I had a boosted

Traditional Structured Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Traditional Structured Design - Essay Example Based on the available information, directory system is naturally inclined to hierarchy (Zahir & Omran, 2001). The assumption that directory system is naturally inclined to hierarchy is because the directory system offers reliable mechanisms that facilitate effective communication among technical experts. The system is also inclined to hierarchy since it offers comprehensive database for all organisation actors. The availability of reliable and detailed database also ensures that all authorised professionals have access to the available information. The directory system uses reliable agents and technology in transmitting information from the sender to the receiver. The directory system also has various protocols that facilitate effective operations of hierarchical structure in modern institutions. The Peer-to–Peer networking system is less inclined to a hierarchy. The less inclination to the hierarchy of Peer-to-Peer networking system is due to the reality that, the system have decentralised distribution network. The existence of decentralised network hinders effective communication in a hierarchical nature of traditional structured designs. Moreover, instead of having reliable agents to facilitate effective communication, the system actors serve as both the customers and suppliers of resources. The Peer-to-Peer system also lacks the required privacy essential in the communication process. Besides, the system facilitates sharing of information among all interconnected peers (Jayasumana,